The Power of — Perspective!

Just as FORM is all-important in making an object look real, so is PERSPECTIVE vitally necessary in making a scene look accurate—in making things appear to be correctly placed in the foreground, background, and all the places in between.

It isn't an easy subject, but you've got to master it in order to draw a comic strip—and we promise to make it as simple and as clear as we can. (And, if it's any consolation, it's just as tough for us to explain as it is for you to learn!)

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So, since we're all in this thing together, let's go!

As usual, we'll study the pix on the page opposite. And this time there are two new words you've got to make a part of your conscious and subconscious vocabulary. The words are HORIZON LINE.

Basically, the horizon line simply represents the viewer's eye level-that is, the spot in the picture where your own eyes would be if you were there observing the scene.

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Let's start with some little examples. Notice the cube on the first line of drawings (A). If you take it and turn it so that we're looking at it head-on (B), you'll see that the two side lines on top seem to be coming together, the way train tracks appear to come together as they recede farther into the distance. Okay then, let's continue drawing those two lines until they meet (C). The point at which they meet is the natural horizon line, and is consequently our own eye level. This is called ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE because the perspective lines converge upon the one single point.

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However, if we turn the cube and then follow the converging lines to their ultimate meeting place, we get a TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE (D)-and I'm not gonna insult your intelligence by telling you why we've changed its name! Incidentally, you'll notice that the cube is below the horizon line and therefore below your own eye level.

In figure (E) we've merely redrawn the cube exactly at your eye level, while in figure (F) we've drawn it a third way, showing how to put it above eye level.

Study it awhile. It's not as complicated as it may sound, honest!

Here, just because Johnny hates to let his ruler go to waste, he's given you a couple more examples showing how the principles of perspective apply to any street scene.

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In this first drawing, despite the size of the scene and the number of buildings, you'll notice that everything converges towards one point; therefore it's a ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE.

You can guess what we're about to tell you about this drawing. The perspective lines are converging to two different points (along the same horizon line, of course): Therefore, we have an undeniable example of—ТА DAAAA— a TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE. And there's more to come...

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Let's say you want to draw the inside of a room. Sounds simple, huh? But what about the furniture? You want it to look natural, to look as if it belongs, and most important of all, to look as if some of the pieces aren't floating in space. They have to seem accurate and realistic in relation to each other. Well, that's what perspective is all about.
In the two illustrations on the facing page, notice how John makes use of his eye level (horizon line) and his vanishing points in order to have everything in the correct perspective. No matter where the viewer's eye level may be, everything falls into place pleasingly because the perspective is correct.
And, did you notice the way the chair at the bottom of the lower pic is angled (turned) differently than the other pieces of furniture, so that it goes to different vanishing points? This gives us a third and fourth vanishing point on the same horizon line.
If it seems awfully complicated to you, don't worry. Johnny had to explain it to me about a half-dozen times—and I'm still wrestling with most of it! Anyway, let's go to the next page and tackle a problem or two ...

Okay. First we'll consider some explanatory diagrams, then we'll see how they apply to pictures we might use in our magazines.

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One of the main purposes of our study of perspective is to allow us to tilt objects, to twist them around and turn them without making them seem distorted or incorrect. These diagrams demonstrate how it's done in the very simplest way. So, here we go ...

We all know that a perfect circle will fit perfectly within a perfect square.

But, if we change the angle (the position) of the square, then see how the circle must change also. See how it becomes an oval.

Now then, if we draw a cube (two squares in perspective, side-by-side), and then draw two ovals within the squares, and connect the ovals, we end up with a wheel—drawn in perspective.

Just thought you'd like to see how to divide a square shape in two—in the proper perspective. Simply draw straight lines from corner to corner, as shown. The exact center point is where the two lines meet. Once you've found your perfect center point—in perspective—you know where to do the dividing.

Suppose you want to divide a wall into five equal parts, but to complicate the process the wall is drawn in perspective (with lines converging towards a distant vanishing point). You merely use the same procedure we demonstrated in example #2 above—mark off five equal divisions on the side of the wall and then draw a straight line from corner to corner.

Your points of division will be found exactly where the lines cross.

Erase the original guide lines, and you end up with your five equal vertical divisions, all in the correct perspective.

Now then, we just know that you've been waiting all your life for a chance to draw a checkerboard floor in perspective. Here's how.

—Draw your basic square shape, at any angle you wish.
—On a line parallel to the bottom of the drawing, mark off as many squares as you wish, equally divided.
—From those points, now draw lines extending towards the vanishing point.
—Add your diagonal line, and where it crosses the lines you've originally drawn, you have your exact division points for perfect squares in perspective.

Since you've been such a good sport about the dull stuff, now let's go to the next page and see what bearing all this has on some zingy comicbook drawings ...

Now, when we mention that this drawing is based on THREE-POINT PERSPECTIVE, you'll know what we mean, won't you? Also, it's a WORM'S — EYE VIEW, right? Right!

Here's a simple ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE, just a bit below eye level. The eye level is really the bottom of the car's wheels, because that's where your eye would be if you were actually on the scene. See how it all begins to come together?

We thought you'd enjoy these particular pix—

—because they show how we put the figures themselves into the proper perspective in typical Marvel scenes.

Pay particular attention to where the eye level is in each panel, as well as the location of the various vanishing points.